Learning Theology Essay

In Learning Theology with the Church Fathers, Christopher Hall discusses the doctrinal beliefs of the early Christian leaders while Christianity was in its fledgling state of development. Much of what is discussed by Hill in his book is the standard for what the beliefs on the subject will be throughout the church’s history. The topics in Hill’s book are important because the church father’s findings concern these issues establishes the church’s beliefs on these doctrinal topics. Hill’s approach in his book is to take a subject that was highly contested in the life of the early church and follow one or two of the major leading authorities on the subject from the time period. A benefit to looking at the topic this way shows what the prominent thinking of the day was and if it still relates to Christians today. The first major theme that the book addresses is to describe the attributes of God. Hill looks at the various aspects of God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Within discussing the parts of the Holy Trinity, Hill shows the various thinking the early church had concerning the three, what each of their roles are, and discusses how each of the three had equality together without either being subordinate to another. The second theme addressed by Hill is that of God’s interaction with humans. Hill explains the teachings concerning man’s sin and how the church fathers understood God’s forgiveness toward man. Hill also speaks of man as being instilled with God’s goodness. Man’s natural instinct is not bent on doing what is inherently good, but it is within God’s instilled grace that God’s best for man is placed within himself (Hill, 130). Hill also writes in discussion of God’s providence to man as being loving, transcendent and wise. The third theme Hill discusses are those things that are directly relatable to Christians in their relations with God. These things consist of the Christian’s relation to the scriptures, the apostolic founded church, and a Christian’s resurrected body and eternal life. Hill also discusses the early church father’s apologetics to the scripture’s authority and how the scriptures were His perfect gift given through His perfect knowledge (Hill, 209). Hill also discusses the differing roles of the church and what the members communal roles are and the differing thoughts on discipline. One of the most important topics discussed by Hill is that of the characteristics of the Holy Spirit. The discussion that was taking place during the fourth century was what is the Holy Spirit and what role does it play in the character of God? Many believed that the three persons of God were not triumvirate but actually three different Gods making Christianity polytheistic. Basil the Great’s writings on the subject is the focal point of Hill’s discussion. Basil’s writings addressed the variable confusions that surrounded the Holy Spirit. The topics Hill highlights from Basil is that of the Holy Spirits equality with the Father and the Son. One point that Hill singles out which gives credence to a Holy Trinity is that the argument for differing levels of power in the Holy Trinity is not arguable. Hill contends that people cannot comprehend the relationship between the three because they all three transient time and age, thus making it impossible for man to give rank to one over another (Hill, 105). This is rational argument because if something transcends time and age, does another being transcend time and space more? To have this distinction is not a more or less argument but a yes or no argument in defining a deity’s self to which Hill discusses well. Another positive from Hill’s book is the explanation of the Holy Spirit and the description of the divine community that is the Holy Trinity. If the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are not three different gods, what is the purpose of their being three separate beings? Hill examines this by giving each of the three different roles in the actions of the world. Hill defines the Father as the creator, the Son and the initiator, and the Holy Spirit as the perfecter (Hill, 115). This understanding of the Holy Trinity shows how the three are not separate but how each are one with different roles in dealing with man. Hill also explains that neither entity usurps the other’s tasks, but remain separated in their roles showing that neither is superior to the other entities. This is a useful distinction because it helps understand the functioning of the Holy Trinity and how it relates to man. When those tasks are known man has a better appreciation for each part of the Holy Trinity and honor can be given to the each part of the deity including the Holy Spirit (Hill, 118). The theme of man’s relation to God is another well outlined discussion. Hill addresses the subject of man’s sins in a way that explains how it was problematic for the church fathers. Following the writing of Irenaeus, Hill discusses the issue of man’s goodness. The discussion during the time of Irenaeus was whether man was naturally good or was goodness implanted in man by God? Hill’s conclusion eventually is man’s sin nature is prevalent before his conversion and after his conversion God bestows a sense of goodness through His love in man. God’s redemptive spirit is given to man and reflected through the actions of man (Hill, 130). Hill’s explanation that the church fathers did not think man naturally good is logical because if man is naturally good then their is no purpose for salvation. Yet while it is said human nature is without good, man is still given a choice and sometimes makes the moral decision. A limited amount of time was given to explain how God allows man to make his own choices. Hill says that God gives the choice to man to decide but does not fully expound on why man sometimes goes against his nature to make moral decisions. In all, Hill does a good job on explaining the church father’s thinking concerning the formation of early church doctrine. His description of their writings helps the reader understand the issues that spurred their theology and the content of their messages. Learning Theology with the Church Fathers gives an good summation of how Christian beliefs came to formation and who the writers were that God used to frame early Christianity’s doctrine. Bibliography Hill, Christopher. Learning Theology with the Church Fathers. Downers Grove: IVP Academy, 2002.

Body Worlds and the Cycle of Life Essay

The Body Worlds exhibit was an amazing tour of more than 200 incredible plastinates; real human specimens that have been preserved. Dr. von Hagen’s is the man behind his incredible invention called plastination; embalming and anatomical dissection, connective tissue removal, body fat and water removal, forced impregnation with a polymer solution then placed in a vacuum chamber removing the acetone bringing it down to a cellular level, and then lastly the specimen hardens and is then positioned as desired. This phenomenal exhibit has given many people the opportunity to see the entire internal structure of the human body. The written explanations next to each display were very informative; giving a better understanding on how the choices we make throughout our life can truly affect us as we continue our journey through the aging process. According to Dr. von Hagen, it takes approximately 1,500 hours (1-2 years) of dedication for each sculpture, along with 350 others helping him throughout the process. All 20 of the bodies that have been donated remain anonymous; no details about them or their cause of death were shared out of respect for each of the donors. This exhibit was an amazing journey showing us how the human body changes through time; from conception and as one age’s. The exhibit starts with the zygote; a single cell formed from the father’s sperm, the mother’s egg, and the human genome; the blueprints of all living human beings. Human embryos and fetuses were on display showing each stage of cell division from conception through pre-natal development. The minute were born, our physical efficiency increases reaching its peak in our mid-twenties, then slowly starts to decline throughout the rest of our lives. There were normal clean lungs of a non-smoker on display next to black lungs of a smoker, which were half the size compared to the clean lung. The written explanation stated that each year you smoke about a cup size full of tar accumulates inside of your lungs. There were sectional displays of the thoracic cavity showing the gas exchange that occurs within the alveoli of our lungs. There were healthy hearts on display along with hearts that had pacemakers. There was a healthy liver next to a liver that has been damaged by excessive amounts of alcohol; showing visual cirrhosis. There were several displays of the human brain. One of the displays showed a brain at optimal health compared to a brain that has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. I found it interesting that the human brain stops growing when you are 15 years old and individuals under 30 years of age take in twice as much oxygen compared to individuals 80 years of age or older. There was a 540lb sculpture, displaying the dangerous effects of obesity compared to a healthy 140lb individual. There were also sectional displays showing us a view of the abdominal wall and how every organ is affected by this extra unnecessary fat. You are what you eat! Sugar, in the form of simple, refined carbohydrates, is considered one of the body’s major â€Å"agers†. Excess sugar in the diet alters the structure of the protein molecule, preventing it from functioning properly and leading to the stiffening of the body’s tissues. High blood pressure can shorten one’s life expectancy by 10 to 20 years, and 9 out of 10 people are at risk of developing hypertension after age 50. We all need energy to function properly, but as we age our body doesn’t require as much energy like it did when we were younger. Our bones are flexible at a young age and adolescents. In adulthood, our body increases in strength and stamina, but loses its flexibility. The Artist’s Gaze was a display on sight and vision at birth and later in life. It was focused on the artist’s Claude Monet who suffered from cataracts, and Edgar Degas who suffered from retinal eye disease. A condition called Presbyopia; a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects, is a normal part of aging and develops when the lens of the eye gradually loses it elasticity. An infant can see things close up with no problem, while a 30 year old would have to hold to object about 6 inches away. At birth, you have about 300 bones, as you grow older, small joints join together resulting in approximately 206 bones. At the age of 52 woman generally experience menopause; end of life’s fertile phase. As men age their testosterone levels decline, but unlike woman, they can reproduce throughout their later years. I learned that the world’s oldest people live in Okinawa, Japan and Ovadda, Sardinia. They shared some of their lifestyle practices, which I think we could all benefit from if we were to take their healthy habits and make them our own. Near the end of the exhibit, I really enjoyed reading one of the posters that stated, â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter, if you don’t mind it doesn’t matter†. Body World’s and The Cycle of Life was an incredible experience and has defiantly changed my way of thinking when it comes to the meaning of life and death. It has also given me a better understanding of our bodies and a completely different perspective on how important it is to appreciate life and take better care of myself!

CJUS 410 DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CJUS 410 DB4 - Essay Example In addition, a single witness can incriminate the accused due to ill intensions or presentation of wrong information unknowingly. My view of witness cross examination is also affirmed by scriptures quoted from Proverbs 18:17 and Deuteronomy 13:16–19. Both scriptures encourage cross examination of witnesses in order to establish whether the information given is true or false which is my view of criminal procedure operation. Further, the scriptures quoted from Exodus 22:12-13 and Deuteronomy 22:13–18 confirm my view of using physical evidence in order to deliver fair judgment. The current criminal procedure addresses the issue of witnesses, cross examination of witnesses and provision of physical evidences in an acceptable manner. Firstly, the current criminal procedure uses federal rules that incorporate the rights for each party that participates in criminal trials. More importantly, the rights included demonstrate the bible teachings within the law. For example, the current system enables criminal defends to receive a fair trial (The Legal Information Institute n.d). Secondly, the current criminal procedure permits a substantive due process. This is where the law enforcement officers as well as judges and prosecutors are constrained by the constitution so that fundamental rights and liberties for people involved in a criminal procedure are adhered to (The Legal Information Institute n.d). Therefore, law enforces cannot take advantage of their position to intimidate the accused. Of more importance, the current criminal procedure provides for cross examination of prosecution witnesses. This facilitates the procedure of determining whether the information presented is factual or false. In addition, the current criminal procedure permits the accused to seek the assistance of a counsel (National Legal Aid & Defender Association 1). This enables the

Write a critique on a Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a critique on a Film - Essay Example White (Tom Hanks) who is the band’s second manager, Faye Dolan (Liv Tyler) Jimmys girlfriend and the bands "costume mistress", Tina (Charlize Theron) Guys girlfriend, Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) the drum player in the band and Steve Zahn (Lenny Haiser) the guitarist and backing vocals of the group. In the year 1964, Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) is a jazz drummer working at his family’s Erie, Pennsylvania Appliance store. Because the regular drummer of the band (Giovanni Ribisi) has broken his arm, Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn) and Jimmy Mattingly (Johnathon Schaech) approach Guy Patterson to ask him to sit in with their band at the annual Mercyhurst College talent show (Maslin, 1). During rehearsals, the group carefully rehearses a sensational ballad titled â€Å"That Thing You Do.† Faye Dolan (Liv Tyler), Jimmy’s girlfriend suggests that the group call themselves â€Å"The Oneders†. She is inspired by Guy’s great performance at the rehearsal. After a brilliant rehearsal, Guy messes up in the talent show by playing a faster tempo for â€Å"That Thing You Do! than in rehearsals. The audiences react negatively to the song, but Oneders eventually emerge the winner of $100 top prize. After the talent show, the group started playing gigs, they pl ayed at a local pizza parlor as their first gig. Maslin (1) reveals how they started selling a single of â€Å"That Thing You Do! with the help of Guy’s Uncle Bob (Chris Isaak). The single attracted the attention of Phil Horace (Chris Ellis) the local manager. Horace signs the group to bigger gigs and they are given airplay of the single. The band is offered a contract with Play-Tone Records by Mr. White (Hanks), they sign the contract and change their famous band name to â€Å"The Wonders† in order to avoid confusions. The group then is faced with internal disagreement which leads to their fall. Jimmy

Reed dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reed dance - Essay Example Their merit and usefulness to building the society are being constantly evaluated by the think-tanks of the society. In this essay, a discussion is attempted about their merits and demerits and their continuing intrinsic strength to hold sway over the people. 1. Swaziland Reed Dance The married women of Swaziland consider it as the occasion of lifetime. â€Å"Umhlanga, or the Reed Dance, is the culmination of eight days of honoring the Queen Mother in late August or early September when the reed harvest happens. For eight days maidens march to the fields of reeds, chop them down, bundle them up, and present them as windbreakers for the Queen Mother’s residence.†(Witnessing†¦)The ceremony is especially for the girls to show honor and respect to their Queen Mother and the King Mswati III. The girls arrive from their respective villages for the traditional rite of passage ceremony so that all the participants are accounted for. Once this procedure is over they are sen t to the nearby valleys by foot to fetch ten foot tall reeds and they bring it to their place of residence. 1. Lattmaar Holi of Barsana (India) This is a traditional ritual cum festival celebrated in the District of Mathura in Northern India. It has immense cultural significance. It is a ritual to assert the rights of women and proclaim before the world that they are not only equal but more equal to menfolk. â€Å"Latt† means a big strong stick. â€Å"Maar† means to hit. Yes, this festival symbolizes violence. In the course of celebrating this ritual the super-charged women attack menfolk with bamboo sticks and it is no ordinary lashing. Men need lots of skills, which they have practiced intensely at least a month before the ritual to escape from the lashes that are unleashed without intermission from all ends. It is not a solo fight of one woman attacking one man. Men need to be ready to take blows from a group of women and they do their job mercilessly with a vengean ce. 2. During Umhlanga, the girls are educated and counseled about becoming women as per their local traditions and beliefs. â€Å"This tradition is focused on encouraging young Swazi women to abstain from intimate relations and keep their virginity intact until they are considered old enough to be married.† (Witnessing†¦) On completion of these formalities the girls gather for two days of dancing and other celebrations. On the first day, all of them assemble and deliver their reeds to the Queen Mother and to King Mswati III. Next, they do a march past before the King and other important guests and the tourists who arrive in large numbers to witness this semi-naked phenomena. â€Å"At Umhlanga, thousands of virgins dance in front of the Queen Mother and the King at the royal residence stadium—and it is quite a spectacle.†(Witnesing†¦) The maidens are dressed in traditional attire and â€Å"Their regalia consisted of bead necklaces, wool sashes, rattli ng anklets made from cocoons, and the four-inch-wide blue pleated skirt. Many carried a machete, â€Å"to cut the reeds.† (Witnessing†¦) They all reveal their bare breasts while dancing and singing and this dance is supposed to be for the unification of the Kingdom’s women. His Majesty King Mswati III often utilizes this occasion to publicly court a prospective fiancee and he joins the celebrations to pay tribute to the participating maidens. â€Å"The current monarch, King Mswati III, has 14 wives, which is

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company support your answer with examples - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the effects of motivation in the workplace. The employees responsible for maintaining a workforce motivated are the managerial staff. The manager is also accountable for the overall performance of the workforce and the company as a whole. There are different techniques that managers can utilize to motivate the staff. A technique that can be used to motivate workers is reinforcement. Reinforcement is the administration of a consequence as a result of a behavior (Schermerhorn, et al.). The use of reinforcement can help increase the persistence of a worker. Two conditioning theories associated with reinforcement are classical conditioning and operating conditioning. Classical conditioning is a form of learning that takes place due the presence of stimuli that manipulates behavior. Giving a dog a steak after an action is an example of classical conditioning. In human beings an example of stimuli at work is seeing the boss smile. Operan t conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it manipulates the consequences. Managers can use positive reinforcement to increase the likelihood of an employee repeating a behavior. An employee can also be influenced not to commit certain behaviors by imposing negative reinforcement consequences such as punishment. Content theories of motivation deal with an attempt to satisfy individual needs. A popular content theory that managers can use to motivate the staff is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is composed of a pyramid of five needs. The five needs of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization (Cherry). The physiological need deals with the need for biological maintenance including food, water, and substance. A manager can ensure this need is met by giving the workers a lunch hour, two fifteen minutes breaks during the shift, and as many bathroom breaks as needed. Safety has to do with the need for security and protection. Hiring a security guard to secure the work premises is a way to comply with the worker’s security need. The social need is associated with love, affection and sense of belongingness. A manager can help comply with the social need in a company by fostering a work environment of collaboration and teamwork. The esteem need deals with the need for respect, prestige, recognition, competence, and mastery. A good manager can comply with this need by promoting from within and by creating a code of ethics at the firm. Self-actualization is the highest order need of the pyramid. This need is associated with desire for fulfillment and to be able to expand and use a person’s abilities. Managers can help fulfill that need by offering training and development opportunities to its employees. A process theory of motivation that can help managers inspire their workers is equity theory. According to equity theory an individual’ s motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management (Managementstudyguide). When an employee feels there is an injustice in his level of pay in comparison with other employees with the same level of experience and job position the worker will react adversely to the situation. The perceived injustice will cause the employee to lose motivation and perform poorly. A manager can comply with the implications of equity theory by working with the human resource department to analyze the salary scales of

Response Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response Journal - Essay Example He jumps to safety and despite losing consciousness due to blood loss, he somehow gets back tom the train safely and to the doctor who takes him to Sherlock’s home. We discover later that the machine was actually a press used in the counterfeiting of coins by the criminals that had tried to end his life. This story is starts off with some rather tempting proposition which gets us thinking is it right for the engineer to accept the job despite the man acting as suspicious as he did? The engineer we can say acted in good faith and also was ethical enough in promising not to talk about the job to anyone. According to the code of ethics for engineers from the National Society of Professional Engineers, section II rules of practice sub section c states that, â€Å"Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law or this Code.† So he actually acted ethically here. There is the question of how willing was the engineer to be beguiled in his haste to make quick money after his long stay without a client. Was he a bit greedy for the money promised? In part 8 of Doyle’s ‘The Adventure of The Engineers Thumb’ the engineer actually points out â€Å""I thought of the fifty guineas, and of how very useful they would be to me. He then proceeds to tell the man ‘Not at all, I shall be very happy to accommodate myself to your wishes.† This makes him easy to cheat and use for the crooks. The very first questions asked by the thin man should have put the engineer on guard as they are very telling in themselves. He enquires if the engineer is an orphan and if he has no wife or dependants. This already shows the thin man planned to kill him after his work as his disappearance would be easy to cover having no one to look for him. This should have been telling questions or was the engineer too concerned with

Strategic Role of Information Systems in Contemporary Business Essay

Strategic Role of Information Systems in Contemporary Business Organisations - Essay Example Behind the Google search engine IT infrastructure are huge server farms and storage databases that enable the production of significantly high computational processing power. There is speculation about Google’s server farms, terabytes of storage disks packaged into shipping containers in order to allow for more set-ups of server farms around the world (Spencer 2011:35). These infrastructures are then distributed across numerous independent, which further provide resources for parallel computing. The arrangement has enabled Google to expand its market worldwide, surpassing the 100 billion dollars market capital as well as gaining admiration and respect all over the globe. Additionally, the paper uses Porter’s 5-forces approach to elaborate the competitive environment of the company as well as highlights its competitive advantages. Introduction The Google search engine is among the most widely used search engines in the globe. The firm has captured the hearts of informati on-craving individuals searching the web for everything and anything in their imagination. The growth of the company has been tremendous, dominating the search engine market by more than 60% worldwide (Scott 2008:162). Additionally, the firm currently has a market capital approaching the 200 billion dollars mark, which economically suggests that the company is doing great. The company capitalizes on information technology strategies to expand its market share, including improvement of its unique search engine algorithm as well as knowledge management techniques (Dalkir 2005:122). This paper seeks to analyze the conceptual framework of Google’s strategies and the application of knowledge management concept in developing and sustaining the strategic capabilities and the competitive edge of the company. The research strategy focuses on the recent adoption of knowledge management techniques in the search engine, as well as other application like the new social network Google Plus . The paper utilizes materials from educative and scholarly articles, journals, and books. Conceptual Framework The success of Google in the web-based search engine industry is attributed to the adoption of knowledge management principles in its search technology. Knowledge management is a powerful tool that Google has incorporated at the centre of its search paradigm (Fernandez and Leidner 2008:81). The search technology design is in such a manner that it polls the collective judgment of many web creators to optimize its search results. Consequently, the company has created a multi-billion dollar business empire from super-targeted advertisements that give magazines and newspaper classified a run for their money. Google was a first-mover in the many/ordinary business model, leaving most of the other competitors on the few/expert model (Bottletree Books 2011:23). The company capitalizes on the fact that search results be ranked based on collective judgment. The search results improv e as more people conduct web search using their application, enabling Google to associate relevant contents with keywords. Findings and Analysis The development of search engines began in early 1990s with aims of facilitating

Directness and Indirectness in Different Contexts Essay Example for Free

Directness and Indirectness in Different Contexts Essay In modern life, people communicate with others in different ways; for instance, the way that directness or indirectness can affect the success or failure of communication. So, we wonder which way is better for human communications. The definition of directness is the character of being accurate in course or aim or straightforwardness , the quality of being clear, plain, or easy to understand . The definition of indirectness is not said or done in a clear and direct way or stating what a real or supposed original speaker said with changes in wording that conform the statement grammatically to the sentence in which it is included . Speakers use a different register when speaking to different people, such as children, elderly people, peers, superiors, friends, strangers. So , when people talk to each other, they should consider the context, the situation, and then use the right way to communicate.. Position or social status is an important element of choosing whether directness or indirectness. When in a superior position, people tend to use more directness to their inferiors ,by contrast, people use indirect way when they are in a lower or subordinate position. Subordinates usually are more mitigated—polite, tentative or indirect. For example, in a company, as employees, they have to talk to their boss indirectly and politely; even their boss make mistakes, they cannot indicate directly if they do not want be laid off. Otherwise, bosses just talk to the employees directly. But the ones in power had the option of choosing which style to use. It was precisely because of his higher status that the boss was free to choose whether to speak formally or informally, to assert his power or to play it down and build rapport—an option not available to the subordinate, who would have seemed cheeky if she had chosen a style that enhanced friendliness and closeness. In this spirit, if your boss request you something with indirectness,you should not only get the real meaning but also you should manage it, or you may in trouble. Another reason that affects communication is how people related to each other, or social distance, those who have closer relations tend to talk in a more direct way. For instance, they can talk to their parents directly anytime; talking directly is much better to parents; as a result, children should be honest to their parents. Moreover, as a close friend, they also need be honest to each other, so talk directly is a right way to them. When their close friends make any fault, as close friends, they should indicate directly; that is a good way for both of them. On the other hand, people need to talk to their in-laws indirectly; moreover, people should be also respect to elder people. When in a special circumstances, or in emergency, people must use direct way of speaking, otherwise it will cause serious consequences, such as the conversations between the co-pilot and the captain in the text. If people in a urgent situation, they should speak directly even they are subordinates. If not, the superior one would more likely to ignore hints from their crew members than the other way around. The use of indirectness can hardly be understood without the cross-cultural perspective. Communication in any culture is a matter of indirectness. Only a part of meaning resides in the words spoken; the largest part is communicated by hints , assumptions , and audience filling-in from context and prior experience. Americans as a group tend to ignore or even rail against indirectness. For Japanese, Arabian, or the Mediterraneans, small talk is big and essential in business dealings. Non-Americans, and American women, more often realize that much of what is meant cannot be said outright. Cross-culturally it becomes a maddening guessing game that most entrants lose. Cultural differences in listening behavior can be categorized as direct or indirect. In direct listening cultures such as France, Germany, and the United States, people listen primarily for facts and concrete information. Listeners in these cultures also confront speakers directly and feel comfortable asking questions. In indirect listening cultures such as Finland, Japan, and Sweden, people listen in a very different manner. Interruptions do not occur while the speaker is talking, and politeness is part of the listener’s behavior. Indirect messages allow you to express your desire with-out offending or insulting the one interacting with you, but often at the sacrifice of your own feeling. Instead of saying,â€Å" I am bored with the conversation, â€Å" you say , â€Å" Its getting late and I have to get up early tomorrow, â€Å" or you look at your watch and pretend to be surprised by the time. Instead of saying , â€Å" This food tastes horrible ,you say ,â€Å" This food tastes different . â€Å" Instead of saying ,â€Å" You look terrible in this dress ,â€Å" you are likely to say ,â€Å" I like the dress you wore yesterday. However, different people have different ideas; some people think that talking directly can show the point clearly ; and others think that being indirect can be much more polite; otherwise, they think that talking directly is rude to people. The ways that talking directly or indirectly are very important in our life. People should use these properly. These two systems can affect the communication success or failure. And sometimes the different culture also will affect the way that people talk directly or indirectly. Nevertheless, different situations and relationship are two of the most important effects. Therefore, learning how to use a right way to communicate to each other is a very important part in our life.

Women as Political Activists during American Revolution Essay Example for Free

Women as Political Activists during American Revolution Essay Women’s role before American Revolution was restricted to home and motherhood. Their individuality was unwelcome in political and economic context. They were totally dependent on their husbands, fathers and brothers for physical survival and financial security. This reality deprived them of many opportunities like formal education, world travel and social positions. However during American Revolution, the need of their service and assistance was inevitable. Though formal politics did not include women, their domestic knowledge and behavior became charged with political significance. Even though women were not direct participants on the battle field, they still created impact on the historic events of this period. Women on this time whether they were a loyalist, a neutral or patriot, they bravely fought and put their families at great risk. They could not remain silent or uninvolved, which reflects great courage. A wife with a republican husband would help the patriotic cause through educating her children and the next generation according to the republican values who fought for independence. Their political resistance against the British Empire was apparently manifested in their decreasing support towards British trade and products. Women chose to continue a long tradition of weaving instead of purchasing and wearing clothing made from imported British materials. Nonimportation and nonconsumption of British products became women’s major weapons in the arsenal of the American resistance movement against British taxation without representation (Faragher 2006, p. 159). Apparently women have been refusing to buy and consume products from British as part of their political statement. Buying American products became women’s patriotic gesture. Moreover, women were also asked to put their homes in service through quartering American soldiers and allowing legislators to hold the meetings in their homes. Hundreds of women served as nurses, laundresses, cooks and companions to the male soldiers in the Continental Army (Zell 1996). Their actions on the home front saved them time and relieved the soldiers from extra planning and mobilizing. This allows the men to fully concentrate on defeating the British and acquiring sovereignty and independence. Moreover, the revolutionary war gave women the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity and to assume responsibilities that were before regarded to male alone. When their husbands were in combat, they were taking charge of the farms and other source of livelihood of either trade or agriculture. Unconsciously women’s social roles and the structure of the society were redefined during American Revolution giving them more opportunities to explore their skills and potentials. The revolution for women paved the way to know themselves more thus inspired them to fight for equality in terms of social roles knowing that they can contribute something significant in the society. Furthermore, the revolution stimulated hope for equality and freedom. Though they did not acquire full equality after revolution, the ideals of independence inspired not just women but slave for equality, freedom and independence. Reference: Faragher, John Mack, et al. Page 159. Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. Zell, Fran. A Multicultural Portrait of the American Revolution. New York: Benchmark Books. 1996.

Professional and Therapeutic Communication Reflection

Professional and Therapeutic Communication Reflection Willian Roger Dullius Nurses have determined the communication and interaction for nursing since Florence Nightingale in the 19th century. The method to provide the communication depends on the place where it is applied having a focus to interact and satisfy the client’s needs, once that communication is the basis of health promotion and prevention (Fleischer, Berg, Zimmermann, WÃ ¼ste, Behrens, 2009). Throughout this paper, I will answer the questions one and two, which are related to the class NUSC 1P10. Reflection can be defined in numerous ways. Firstly, it can be defined as an active process, which has different aspects of interpretation. Secondly, it can be an action to reflecting or a stage of being reflected. Thirdly, it can be defined as thoughts about something where require careful considerations. Finally, reflection can be defined as a process of observation in a specific action. All of these definitions reflect to a cognition’s method in a specific circumstance related to the person (OBrien, 2014). As a purpose of reflection in the context of teaching and learning, the reflection’s process provides a positive outlook on the material, which has been studied and analyzed. The moment of reflection also provides an opportunity for the student to look at what they have done in class. Thinking about what, why, when, where, how to do something such as assignment is a way to develop the critical thinking, which is an essential for the academic student. As a result, the reflection is responsible to develop the self-observation and self-evaluation in order to improve the academic skills as well as personal skills. Gardner (1986) also argues that the reflection is a fundamental part of the learning process for everyone, which is daily developed. The reflection provided an important contribution to my learning in the class. When we did reflections through this course in lectures or in class lab, I could think about my mistakes and after to analyzing why I did them, I corrected them. For example, when I was doing my weekly lab reflection reviewing my working, I could improve my paper. Fixing them, it contributed to change the way how I respond those activities considering my expectations. In another example, during the lab activity, I had numerous challenges. One of them is that I was looking for the patient considering his disease process. However, I should be looking for whole client’s history instead of just the disease process. After reflection about my practice, I could reflect more broadly in respect of the client’s history (looking more for social determinants than process of disease). I also made mistakes related to questions and language barriers, so reviewing these challenges aspects I could understand what was necessary to change and how to perform and provide my communication skills (see Appendix A). Still, reflecting on my lab activities, I could see a language difference between the first to last day (see Appendix B). It is explicit that I had an improvement because of in the beginning the semester, some activities which required interaction in group (talking and listening), were developed with low successful expectance; however, working to improve and reviewing words to pronounce and adding in the correct method did a change in a variety of aspects in my perspective of class’s interaction. Nevertheless, considering my background in communication skill, I have begun to look at a broad perspective of interaction among client and health professionals as well as with general people. In this course, a friend had a problem. Analyzing, doing a summary and paraphrasing, using the reflection’s process, I could help him. Instead of I give my opinion or solution to his problem, I motivated him to reflect his own history under the problem. Thus, he could find by himself how to cope that problem. After that, I gave him some feedback (evaluation) about that situation. In fact, looking my methodology and evaluating this process, I could understand and see in practice how the reflection’s process is helpful and it is a way that improves the communication skill. In relation to the question two, my communication skills have changed over this term because during this term I could review my thoughts and understand that communication is essential my daily activities with emphasis in my professional career. According to Burke, Boal, Mitchell (2005), the communication is present not only in terms of professional and patient, but it is an essential on health team. It needs to be present among health professionals providing better care for their clients. For example, when we are discussing health promotion and prevention, the communication is, basically, the basis to develop activities. Hence, the communication is a skill that needs to be built considering their environment. In this process, I could note improvements in my communication skill such as in the client’s response where I, as a nurse, need to provide concise responses related to the conversation, so it will initiate affective responses to me, as a nurse, and for the client, who needs to be cared (see Appendix C). In addition, people need to consider the cultural aspects of each other during the communication, which means, it is necessary to relativize and not to generalize in the communication process. In this course, I could experience in our lab and lectures activities how students perceive health considering the client’s background, which enabled us to better assess those clients. Nonverbal communication is another skill that I have improved throughout this course. In the past, I did not give importance to client’s gestures during my assessment. However, in this course I could see how it is important. Sometimes, the body of the client does agree with his speaking and as a nurse I might get this minor detail and try to understand the real situation that the patient is involved. Another skill that I learned refer to SOLER. Using the SOLER’s technique, I could improve my communication with the patient because it provides more confidence; however, I know that it requires practice. To learn about SOLER was an amazing because in my country, Brazil, I have never learned about it. Thus, as it was new for me, I need to improve more. Although it is not taught in my course, I understand that is extremely important, so I will use in my clinical practice and to share this information with my professors in Brazil. Likewise, my listen skill has also improved during our course. Now, I incentive the client talks as much as possible. I stay in silence to just hear him/her speech. As a result, I can better analyze and evaluate those aspects and conditions related to the client, providing a better assessment. Thus, I can identify how I have changed my listening in order to better assess the client during the interview. In the past, I listened with superficial; however, now I have developed a deep and adequate time throughout my nursing assessments. Another skill that I have improved is the paraphrasing, which was not accurate in my academic skill because it is not common in my native language. In fact, I am aware that it is hard for me to paraphrase well, so I have introduced in my daily communication to practice and improve it as much as possible. In brief, throughout this course, I could notice improvements in my communication skills, which were done through the reflection’s process after those activities developed during the course. Thus, combining theory and practical aspects must provide better understand and improvement in the student’s skills. Communication is an essential skill in the human beings, and it is raised with daily activities and reflections. References Burke, M., Boal, J., Mitchell, R. (2005). Communication for better care: improving nurse-physician communication. Education For Primary Care, 16(2), 217. Fleischer, S., Berg, A., Zimmermann, M., WÃ ¼ste, K., Behrens, J. (2009). Nurse-patient interaction and communication: A systematic literature review. Journal Of Public Health (09431853), 17(5), 339. doi:10.1007/s10389-008-0238-1 Gardner, R. (1986).The psychotherapeutic techniques of Richard A. Gardner. Cresskill, N.J.: Creative Therapeutics. OBrien, R. (2014). Expressions of hope in paediatric intensive care: a reflection on their meaning. Nursing In Critical Care, 19(6), 316-321. doi:10.1111/nicc.12069 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Paranoid Schizophrenia: They’re Out To Get Me Essay examples -- Menta

Paranoid Schizophrenia: They’re Out To Get Me Introduction Paranoid Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that impairs a person’s perception of reality, causing the mind to lose contact with the real world. This disorder greatly affects one’s ability to negotiate the activities of everyday life, such as school, work, or social situations. In 1898, Emil Kraepelin was to the first to provide information regarding schizophrenia naming it â€Å"dementia praecox†, and defining it as a psychosis with an early onset of intellectual deterioration (Schiffman & Walker, 1998). Ten years later, a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bluler renamed the disorder using a combination of the Greek words â€Å"skhizein† and â€Å"phren† meaning split mind (Barlow & Durand, 2011). He believed the unusual behaviors were a split from the basic functions of personality and reality. Today, there are misconceptions about the term schizophrenia in which society confuses a split mind with a split personality. The broad definiti on of schizophrenia continues to be researched and narrowed into subtypes with specific presenting characteristics. Paranoid schizophrenia is one of the five major sub-types listed in the Fourth Edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Text-Revised (DSM-IV-TR) with the list continuing to expand as the criteria identifies specific related symptoms or behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Although this disorder only afflicts 1% of the total population of the United States, this amounts to over 3 million people living with the disorder. Diagnosis Diagnosis of this syndrome typically occurs in late adolescence through early adulthood with the onset of behaviors marking deterioration in the abilit... .... (2010). The history of mental illness: From "skull drills" to "happy pills". Student Pulse, 02(09), 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/283/the-history-of-mental-illness-from-skull-drills-to-happy-pills Maguire, G. A. (2002). Comprehensive understanding of schizophrenia and its treatment. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacists, 59(5), 4-11. doi: 1079-2082/02/0901Maguire, National Institute of Health. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Schizophrenia (09-3517). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-booket-2009.pdf Schiffman, J. & Walker, E. F. (1998). Schizophrenia. In H. Friedman (Ed.) The Disorders: Specialty Articles from the Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Academic Press: New York.

Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism Essay -- Compare Contrast

Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism While Hinduism and Buddhism come from the same cultural backgrounds, they are extremely diverse in their beliefs on afterlife, deity, and rituals. Both religions believe in reincarnation, but it is where an individual goes after he or she gets off the endless cycle that differs. These religions also part when it comes to whom they do or do not worship. Every religion comes with rituals and Hinduism and Buddhism are no exceptions. Hindu followers have no doubt they go to moksha after they accomplish redemption, but Buddhists believe that the main goal is to achieve nirvana in the afterlife. A Hindu can conquer redemption by living a life of asceticism. After becoming a Sadhu, or holy man, and renouncing all material possessions they are able to be one wit...

Perspectives on the 1939 White Paper During World War II

In 1939, the British government published a White Paper severely restricting Jewish immigration and planning for an independent Palestinian state within ten years. On the part of the British, this was an effort to secure crucial Arab cooperation in case of war. But neither the Jews nor the Arabs were pleased with the White Paper. The Jews took direct action against it, arguing that it violated earlier promises that had been made to them. The Arabs, on the other hand, argued that the restrictions were too weak.Still, the Arabs recognized the White Paper as a move in the right direction and although they went on record as opposed to it, they did not openly fight it. While the Jews forcefully rejected the White Paper, most of the Zionist leadership postponed the fight against the British in order to support them in the war. Some Jewish terrorist organizations, however, did spring up to target Britain. Throughout World War II, the White Paper allowed the British the support they had been seeking from the Arabs, while drawing opposition from the Jews.In the period leading up to the issue of the White Paper, Britain’s attempts to resolve the crisis in Palestine â€Å"occurred against a backdrop of developing tensions in Europe and the Mediterranean that ultimately had a major impact on Britain’s Palestine policy† (Smith 139). To the British, the Arab Revolt that had taken place from 1936 to 1939 â€Å"signified a rebellion that had to be crushed, not simply to preserve Britain’s own position in Palestine as the mandatory power, but to consolidate that position by appealing for Arab support both within and outside Palestine once the revolt had ended† (Smith 139).This position was adopted as the threat of war began to loom closer. German and Italian propaganda was aimed toward the Arabs, encouraging them to revolt against the British. The British knew that they could not afford to send large numbers of troops to quash a rebellion when their forces would be necessary in Europe. They also recognized the strategic importance of Palestine, and British military planners â€Å"now began to view Palestine in light of envisaged wartime needs† (Smith 139).Any troops currently in Palestine would have to be transferred to Egypt and the Suez Canal at the outbreak of war, and eventually reinforcements from India would have to travel through Palestine. Peace in Palestine was now considered â€Å"essential to British military security† (Smith 139). But more was necessary to guarantee British security in the region. In addition to control over Palestine, the British needed â€Å"assurance of the tacit, if not open, support of the neighboring Arab countries† (Smith 140).The Palestine situation was crucial to gaining this support, as Arab leaders had become increasingly involved in the conflict during the revolt. Creating a solution that was favorable to the Arabs would promise Britain the support of the Arab world during the war. In January 1939, British strategists advised that â€Å"‘immediately on the outbreak of war, the necessary measures would be taken†¦in order to bring about a complete appeasement of Arab opinion in Palestine and in neighboring countries’† (Smith 140) The British also recognized that maintaining their mandatory power in Palestine was necessary if they hoped to use it as a strategic base.But the Partition Plan had already been proposed by the Peel Commission in 1937. This â€Å"raised questions in the Foreign Office: if the Jews were recognized as having national status in part of Palestine, what further justification would there be for Britain’s staying there as mandatory authority? † (Smith 140). Nevertheless, the Cabinet approved the Partition Plan. Expecting the Zionists to do the same, they were â€Å"startled by the force of Zionist opposition to the plan† (Smith 140). As a result, the Woodhead Commission was f ormed to investigate the possibilities for partition.The Foreign Office, which strongly opposed partition, used this opportunity to have the committee â€Å"reopen the question of the practicability of partition, not just its scope† (Smith 140). Fearing a hostile Arab reaction to British policy, the Foreign Office argued that â€Å"‘the European implications of a hostile Middle East aligned with Britain’s enemies must override the arguments in favour of partition’† (Smith 140). The Woodhead commission submitted its report in November 1938, after a period of severe Arab revolt had â€Å"temporarily paralyzed much of Palestine† (Smith 141).The Commission concluded that â€Å"there were no feasible boundaries for ‘self-supporting Arab and Jewish states’† (Smith 141). Still, the commissioners recommended three different partition plans. One plan reduced the Jewish portion to approximately 400 square miles along the coast, whil e the other two made the state even smaller. The Zionists rejected all of the proposals, which paved the way for the British government to issue a White Paper on November 9, 1938, which â€Å"discarded the entire notion of partition as ‘impracticable’† (Smith 141).This abandonment of partition allowed the British to take control of all of Palestine, securing their mandatory power and their strategic bases. Although they had succeeded in maintaining control, the British still needed to resolve the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews. The White Paper therefore called for a conference in which the two group would discuss â€Å"‘future policy, including the question of immigration into Palestine’† (Smith 141). It also warned that if the two parties could not agree, the British would â€Å"‘take their own decision in the light of their examination of the problem’† (Smith 141).The St. James Conference, held in London in Febru ary 1939, swiftly reached an impasse. Jamal al-Husayni, the cousin of the mufti, â€Å"demanded the creation of an independent Arab state and the dismantling of the Jewish National Home,† while Chaim Weizmann argued for â€Å"a continuation of the mandate and British sponsorship of unlimited immigration† (Smith 141). With the threat of war looming ever closer, â€Å"Arab opinion in the Middle East now seemed more important to British interests than was Jewish opinion in Palestine or Jewish political influence in London† (Smith 143).The British government decided to act. They â€Å"finally agreed to the Arab state overtures† (Smith 142) and published the White Paper on May 17, 1939. The 1939 White Paper illustrated a â€Å"stunning reversal of policy† (Smith 139) and was â€Å"interpreted by contemporaries as marking the end of the alliance between the Jews and Great Britain† (Shapira 276). It restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine to 1 0,000 per year for five years with an additional 25,000 refugees permitted.After five years, no further Jewish immigration would be allowed â€Å"‘unless the Arabs of Palestine are prepared to acquiesce in it’† (Shapira 469). Land transfers to Jews were also restricted to certain areas. The White Paper declared that â€Å"‘His Majesty’s Government believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish state against the will of the Arab population of the country’† (Smith 142). The new policy planned for Palestine to be an independent Arab state within ten ears, when Jews would make up no more than one-third of the population. Zionist reaction to the 1939 White Paper was abrupt. Declaring that the Jews would resist its implementation, the Jewish Agency argued that the plan was â€Å"contrary to international law and a violation of the promises made to the Jews in and since the Balfour Declaration† (Smith 142). On the day after its publication, the Grand Rabbi tore up a copy of the White Paper before the assembled congregation in the principal synagogue of Jerusalem.Street demonstrations in the same city resulted in the death of a British constable from a Jewish revolver shot. Mass meetings of Jews throughout the country took an oath to observe a proclamation which contained the following passages: ‘Whereas the British Government has announced a new policy in Palestine†¦Now therefore the Jewish population proclaims before the world that this treacherous policy will not be tolerated. The Jewish population will fight it to the uttermost, and will spare no sacrifice to frustrate and defeat it’ (Khalidi 473).Jews in Palestine also announced policies of civil disobedience and non-cooperation with the British, but these plans soon ceased as â€Å"Jewish leaders knew that if the Government were t o cease its active support of the National Home the latter’s entire structure would be imperiled† (Khalidi 473). In general, â€Å"the Zionist leadership abandoned the fight against Britain and dedicated itself to promoting maximum participation of the Jewish community in the war effort† (Shapira 280). The Jewish community argued over whether they should fight the White Paper or support the British in the hope that their post-war policy would change.Moderates felt that the White Paper had been issued only because the war required Arab support. Arthur Ruppin wrote in his diary in May 1939 that â€Å"‘This White Paper emanates from a certain political constellation (Arab united front, Britain’s fear of the Arabs) and will be equally short-lived’† (Shapira 290). Moderates â€Å"demanded that tension with the British be reduced; Jews should be unconditionally loyal until the end of the war, assuming that the British government would ultima tely change its policy† (Shapira 290).Even Vladimir Jabotinsky, â€Å"despite all this criticism of the mandate government and all his attempts to exert pressure on it by threatening to replace it with another power, was not prepared to give Britain a bill of divorce. Until his dying day, he supported a pro-British orientation† (Shapira 246). Immigration, though, remained a strong point of contention. Before the publication of the White Paper, Zionist leaders had decided to increase illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine. Of the 27,561 Jews who arrived in Palestine in 1939, 11,156 were unauthorized (Smith 165).With the beginning of war, these plans intensified as thousands of refugees attempted to flee Europe. David Ben-Gurion warned that while Jews would â€Å"‘help the British in their struggle as if there were no White Paper’† they would also â€Å"‘resist the White Paper as if there were no war’† (Shapira 279). This situat ion â€Å"brought Zionists and British officials into immediate conflict† (Smith 165). When the British decided to hold illegal immigrants in internment camps in Palestine, the Zionists reacted by flooding the country with immigrants in order to make the policy impossible.The British then decided that refugees who reached Palestine would be transferred to the island of Mauritius. They simultaneously struggled to stop the flow of refugees from Europe by urging countries like Turkey to deny them transit. After the outbreak of war, the impossible refugee situation â€Å"created ‘almost†¦a war within a war’† as â€Å"Jews became increasingly bitter at what they saw as British inhumanity† (Smith 165). This situation led to disaster. In November 1940, British naval patrols intercepted two ships and transferred over 1,700 refugees to the SS Patria to be deported to Mauritius.While the ship was ported in Haifa, the Jewish defense force Hagana â€Å"ar ranged for a bomb to be placed near the hull to disable the ship, thereby forcing British authorities to permit the Jews to stay. The plan miscarried, and the ship sank with over 200 casualties† (Smith 165). The Zionists were outraged. Faced with propaganda that accused them of responsibility for the deaths, the British cabinet allowed the survivors of the Patria to remain in Palestine.Another disaster occurred in February 1942 when the British convinced the Turks to forbid the SS Struma passage into the Mediterranean. The ship full of Romanian Jews was turned back and sank with only one survivor. To the Zionists, â€Å"this was proof of British perfidy† (Smith 165). While most Jewish leaders recognized that they could not declare war on Britain, Jewish terrorist groups did grow and aim their attacks at the British. The Jewish broadcasting station, Kol Israel, stated that â€Å"The paralysing of the railways all over the country through utting the lines in 242 places s erves as a warning to the Government of the White Paper† (Khalidi 606). Such activists saw the White Paper â€Å"as the result of a British assessment that the Jews had no choice but to resign themselves to an anti-Zionist policy, because they needed British protection against the Arabs† (Shapira 290). They set out to prove the British wrong. They argued that â€Å"the only way to bring about a change in British policy was by ample demonstration of Jewish power and willingness to fight and suffer losses† (Shapira 290).They also hoped to show the British government that enforcing the new restrictions â€Å"would make it necessary for them to carry out acts of suppression on a large scale, and it was doubtful whether the British government would approve† (Shapira 290). Their actions were designed to send the British â€Å"a clear message about what the absolute limits were, limits beyond which they were prepared to die and even to kill† (Shapira 290). The publication of the 1939 White Paper also led the Irgun, a Revisionist terrorist group, to shift its focus from the Arabs to the British.Irgun began attacking British administrative buildings, assaulting British police personnel, and bombing gathering places. But once the war began, Jabotinsky urged his followers in the Revisionist party â€Å"to support the British effort against the Nazis† (Smith 170). Most of the Irgun followed Jabotinsky’s orders. Those who did not were led by Abraham Stern. The Stern Gang, formed in 1940, was â€Å"willing to rob Jewish concerns, such as a Histadrut bank, with Jewish loss of life as well as assault British officials† (Smith 170).Stern simultaneously established relationships with German and Italian representatives, offering them â€Å"his service to their cause for the duration of the war† (Smith 170). Ignoring the Nazis’ anti-Semitic platform, Stern allied himself with the Germans simply because they were fighting Britain. The Hagana and the Irgun both condemned the Stern Gang, offering the British police information that led to Stern’s murder in a February 1942 raid. For the next two years, there was little Zionist underground activity.The leaders of the Stern Gang were either dead or in prison, and the Irgun had lost its leadership with Jabotinsky’s death. But Menachem Begin, who arrived in Palestine in 1942, â€Å"saw himself as the heir to Jabotinsky’s Revisionist ideals† (Smith 170). At the end of 1943, both Irgun and the Stern Gang â€Å"were again preparing for anti-British action, inspired by both the receding German threat in the Middle East and the ongoing tensions in Zionist-British relations, exacerbated particularly by the legacy of the refugee ships and the growing awareness of the Holocaust† (Smith 170).This situation led to cooperation between Begin and the remaining members of the Stern Gang. Under the name LEHI, they resumed their actions against Britain. The actions of LEHI resulted in the opposite of their intended effects. In July 1943, Winston Churchill instigated the creation of a cabinet committee on Palestine that would examine alternatives to the 1939 White Paper. The committee recommended partition, but the plan was never officially approved because on November 6, members of LEHI assassinated Lord Moyne, the deputy minister of state for Middle East Affairs in Cairo.Since Moyne had been a close friend of Churchill, the Prime Minister â€Å"reacted by shelving the partition scheme he had seen through, against stiff opposition from his ministers† (Smith 170). He announced to the House of Commons that â€Å"‘if our dreams for Zionism are to end in the smoke of assassins’ pistols and our labours for its future to produce only a new set of gangsters worthy of Nazi Germany, many like myself will have to reconsider the position we have maintained so consistently in the past’† (Smith 170).Partition was not discussed again during Churchill’s term. For the duration of the war, Churchill’s warning to the Jews worked: â€Å"they stopped underground activities that seemed to threaten the likelihood of any cooperation with a British government after the war† (Smith 170). Arab views on the White Paper also varied, as â€Å"The Arab community in Palestine was essentially leaderless, riven with more factions than ever before† (Smith 144). Although they recognized this as a step in the right direction, â€Å"The Arab reaction was only partially favourable† (Khalidi 470).They were pleased with the â€Å"definite statement that there was no intention of setting up a Jewish state and the apparent determination to make Palestine an independent country in which the Jews formed not more than a third of the total population† (Khalidi 470). But they still viewed the restrictions concerning land sales as â€Å"quite inadequateâ €  because â€Å"they ignored the fact that the rights and position of the Arab population were also being prejudiced by land purchases made by Jews avowedly for ‘political and strategical reasons’ – i. . , with a view to dominating the whole country† (Khalidi 470). Arabs also had trouble believing that the British would enforce these new immigration plans. From their point of view, â€Å"similar statements at intervals during the last twenty years had never yet been followed by a cessation of the illegal immigration, and the Arab delegates saw no reason to suppose that they would be on this occasion either† (Khalidi 470).Precautionary statements in the White Paper such as â€Å"‘should public opinion in Palestine hereafter show itself in favour of such a development’ and ‘provided that local conditions permit,’ taken together with ‘adequate provision for the special position in Palestine of the Jewish National Ho me’† suggested to the Arabs that â€Å"Jewish opposition would still be allowed to block constitutional development indefinitely† (Khalidi 471). Moderate Arabs and the leaders of the Arab governments saw the White Paper as hopeful.Those who encouraged defiance optimistically â€Å"used the example of the Arab Revolt and its presumed success in forcing Britain to deal with the Arabs, whatever its military failure† (Smith 144). The Arab Higher Committee, on the other hand, â€Å"repudiated the White Paper because it did not promise them immediate independence with a halt to Jewish immigration† (Smith 142), maintaining its â€Å"consistent refusal to admit that any part of Palestine should be given to the Zionists† (Smith 144). As a result of their rejection of the White Paper, â€Å"A certain limited recrudescence of Arab violence even manifested itself in Palestine† (Khalidi 471).The mufti, who had been officially banned from Palestine after his escape in October 1937, had a similar reaction. After the outbreak of war, British officials in Palestine sought the mufti’s support for the White Paper and his help in implementing it. They did so â€Å"out of fear of his ability to arouse general Arab hostility toward the British position in the Middle East at that time† (Smith 171). The mufti â€Å"rejected these requests and the White Paper itself† and instead â€Å"aligned himself with the Iraqi rebellion against Great Britain in April 1941, and once it failed†¦he spent the rest of the war supporting the German war effort† (Smith 171).In general, though, Arab reaction to the 1939 White Paper was not hostile. Agreeing not to engage in overt political activity, â€Å"members of the Higher Committee accepted British offers of safe return to Palestine† (Smith 172). Other leaders including â€Å"a number of leading members of the Istaqlal and the Palestine Arab party that represente d the Husaynis, along with Husayn al-Khalidi of the Reform party, reestablished themselves in the country. In general they indicated their reserved acceptance of the 1939 White Paper and istanced themselves from the mufti† (Smith 172). Although fierce Axis propaganda (including the mufti urging rebellion) was focused on Palestine in 1941 and 1942, the Arabs in Palestine remained calm. Another revolt was recognized as â€Å"out of the question, both for political and military reasons. It appeared that the British were coming closer to the Arab point of view. Although they were still quite far from meeting the Arab demands, the process was proceeding in a positive direction from the Arab perspective† (Shapira 282).In addition, the Arabs realized that any uprising would have been immediately put down by British forces stationed in Palestine. In general, â€Å"the Arab community in Palestine remained a passive element in the occurrences both during the war and afterward. T he years 1939-1947 were apparently the longest continuous period of quiet and relative tranquility in Arab-Jewish relations in Palestine since the 1920s† (Shapira 282). The reaction of Palestinian Arabs was one of â€Å"general political quiescence† (Kimmerling 134). To many, the White Paper indicated that the British intended to grant Arab independence in Palestine.Arabs saw the Zionist struggle against the policy as â€Å"a sign of anxiety and weakness† (Kimmerling 134). They were certain that â€Å"All they needed to do was bide their time† (Kimmerling 134). The British government’s strategic decision to publish the 1939 White Paper therefore proved fruitful. Although the Arabs were not entirely pleased with the decision and argued for stronger restrictions, they did offer the British their support during the war. The Jews, on the other hand, were divided in their reaction to the White Paper.Some violently fought the restrictions while others rec ognized the importance of siding with Britain. The British recognized that the consequences of Jewish terrorism were far outweighed by the support they needed from the Arab world, and throughout World War II the 1939 White Paper succeeded in that respect. Both Arabs and Jews rejected the White Paper, although to differing degrees. The Arabs argued that the restrictions were too weak, but they still offered Britain their support. The Jews struggled to fight the policy while still backing the British war effort.The British entered World War II â€Å"aware that their Palestine policy reversal in the 1939 White Paper had outraged the Zionists without satisfying the Arabs. They accepted this as the price for temporarily stabilizing their military and strategic positions in Palestine and the Arab world at large†¦It was a short-term strategy of expediency and calculated appeasement designed to serve Britain’s immediate wartime and possibly long-range imperial designs that assu med a British presence in Palestine for the foreseeable future† (Smith 145).Summary of each†¦ Info about reexamination of Husayn-McMahon Correspondence? See also Khalidi p. 468 for this. The Zionist (Biltmore) Program held in in May 1942 declared that â€Å"The Conference calls for the fulfillment of the original purpose of the Balfour Declaration which†¦was to afford them [Jews] the opportunity, as stated by President Wilson, to found there a Jewish Commonwealth.The Conference affirms its unalterable rejection of the White Paper of May 1939 and denies its moral or legal validity†¦The policy of the White Paper is cruel and indefensible in its denial of sanctuary to Jews fleeing from Nazi persecution; and at a time when Palestine has become a focal point in the war front of the United Nations, and Palestine Jewry must provide all available manpower for farm and factory and camp, it is in direct conflict with the interests of the allied war effort† (Khalid i 497).They wanted Palestine to be an Arab state and they felt that the McMahon-Hussein correspondence had promised them that. They hoped to limit the number of Jews in Palestine to only those who were already there. The Jews argued that the White Paper violated promises made to them in the Balfour Declaration. Multiple standpoints existed within the Jewish community, from more moderate views to Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Party’s radical opinions.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Essay

For a long period of time, the agrarian system of Philippines was being controlled by the large landlords. The small farmers in Philippines were struggling for their rights to land and other natural resources. The implementation of Agrarian reforms proceeded at a very slow pace. This was due to the lack of political will. The redistribution of land was also very slow. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law: Philippines The Republic Act No. 6657, alternatively called the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on 10th June, 1988. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law is responsible for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) in Philippines. The law focused on industrialization in Philippines together with social justice. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law: Objectives. The primary objective of instituting the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform law was to successfully devise land reform in Philippines. It was President Arroyo, who signed the Executive Order No. 456on 23rd August to rename the Department of Land Reform as Department of Agrarian Reform. This had been done to expand the functional area of the law. Apart from land reform, the Department of Agrarian Reform began to supervise other allied activities to improve the economic and social status of the beneficiaries of land reform in Philippines. CARP Meaning Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988, also known as CARP, is a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas. Agrarian reform is a 100-year history of unfinished reforms after the United States took over the country from the Spaniards. Before the Hispanic period, there were no owner-cultivators, only communal land owned by the barangay which consisted of a datu, freemen, serfs and slaves. The Spaniards replaced this traditional system of land ownership, similar to existing systems among several indigenous communities today and distributed the land (haciendas) to the Spanish military and the clergy or established encomiendas (administrative districts). The 1935 Constitution addressed the issue of foreign access to land, i. e. corporations must have at least 60% Filipino ownership, and use-rights were limited in time. Other reforms included limitations on interest rates on loans and an increase in the sharecropping share from 50% to 70%. But very little of these laws were really followed in practice and the Huk rebellion was born. Under the Magsaysay and the Macapagal administrations, land reform was again tackled, such as the Mindanao resettlement program and the Land Reform Act of 1955, but no significant results were really achieved in terms of scope and magnitude of land transfer. With martial law, the whole Philippines was declared a land reform area under PD 27. Significant progress was made, but the continued practice of the share tenancy system, coverage limitation to rice and corn lands, the many exemptions allowed and the shortcomings in support systems (although it was Marcos who set up the new Agrarian Reform Department) did much to limit the affectivity of the reforms in addressing the over-concentration of wealth problem and rural poverty. The CARP years since 1988 – for the first time the program covered all agriculture lands regardless of crop and tenurial arrangements. Land distribution increased substantially – about 7 million hectares with about 4. 2 million farmer beneficiaries. But the total figures hide disturbing underperformances. – and only about 1. 5 million hectares of private agricultural lands have been covered for an accomplishment rate of only about 50% after twenty years. – Moreover the lack of support services, funding and infrastructure, is still prevalent. Of the original estimate of P220 billion to complete the program, only P203 billion have been budgeted by Congress, of which only about P170 billion have been released. While there is significant empirical evidence that agrarian reform has yielded significant benefits and has the potential for even greater benefits, the fact is that it has encountered implementation problems. Regardless of the problems encountered by CARP, the point is that CARP is not the cause of the continuing poverty nor the obstacle to solving it. On the contrary, completing CARP in accordance with the mandate of the Constitution is a necessary condition to correct social injustice, and achieve sound agricultural development and economic growth. Of course, agrarian reform is not a panacea that will solve all our problems. Neither is education, nor health care, nor industrialization nor clean elections, nor honest leadership. The fact is that the path to growth with equity is a complex process because we need all the programs working together to succeed. In the final analysis, the future of CARP is a political decision of those in power with respect to two questions: – How much reform is the government willing to implement? – How much resources are government willing to devote to such reforms? Department of Agrarian Reform is the lead implementing agency of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). It undertakes land tenure improvement and development of program beneficiaries. DAR conducts land survey in resettlement areas. It undertakes land acquisition and distribution and land management studies. The DAR also orchestrates the delivery of support services to farmer-beneficiaries and promotes the development of viable agrarian reform communities. The DAR logo shows the Departments acronym representing the institution and its role as the lead agency in the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Green stands for fertility and productivity while yellow represents hope and a golden harvest of agrarian reform beneficiaries who are the recipients of the services provided by the Department via CARP. Both colors imply that economic growth and sound rural development can be achieved through agrarian reform. Mandate The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) leads the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) through land tenure improvement, agrarian justice, and coordinated delivery of essential support services to client-beneficiaries. Its Mission: â€Å"To lead in the implementation of agrarian reform and sustainable rural development in the countryside through land tenure improvement and provision of integrated development services to landless farmers, farmworkers and small landowner-cultivators, and the delivery of agrarian justice†, and Vision: â€Å"A nation where there is equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries who are effectively managing their economic and social development for a better quality of life†

Summary Modigliani & Miller

L1 – Modigliani & Miller (1958) ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment’ This article mainly discusses the cost of capital, the required return necessary to make a capital budgeting project worthwhile. Cost of capital includes the cost of debt and the cost of equity. Theorist conclude that the cost of capital to the owners of a firm is simply the rate of interest on bonds. In a world without uncertainty the rational approach would be (1) to maximize profits and (2) to maximize market value.When uncertainty arises, these statements vanish and change into a utility maximization. The goal is to get more insight in the effect of financial structure on market valuations. I. Valuation of Securities, Leverage and the Cost of Capital A. The Capitalization Rate for Uncertain Streams In the paper, M&M (1958) assume that firms can be divided into equivalent return classes such that the return on the shares issued by any firm in any given class is proportional to the return on shares issued by any other firm in the same class.This implies that various shares within the same class can differ at most by a scale factor. The significance of this assumption is that it permits us to clarify firms into groups where shares of different firms are homogeneous (perfect substitutes of each other). This again means that in equilibrium in a perfect capital market the price per dollars worth of expected return must be the same for all shares of any given class. This will result in the following formula’s: = pj = the price xj = expected return per share of the firm in class k k= expected rate of return of any share in class k 1/pk = the price which an investor has to pay for a dollars worth of expected return in the class k B. Debt Financing and its Effects on Security Prices In this case, shares will be subject to different degrees of financial risk or leverage and hence will no longer be perfect substitutes for each other. Compan ies will have different proportions of debt in their capital structure and gives a different probability distribution of returns.To exhibit the mechanism determining the relative price of shares under these conditions two assumption are made 1)all bonds yield a constant income per unit of time 2)bonds, like stocks, are trade in perfect market (perfect substitutes) Proposition 1 ‘The value of an unlevered firm is the same as the value of a levered firm’ V = value of the firm S = market value of common stock D = market value of the debts X = expected return on the assets owned by the company (cost of capital)The market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the rate pk appropriate to its class. This shows that the average cost of capital to any firm is completely independent of its capital structure and is equal to the capitalisation rate of a pure equity stream of its class. Capitalization rate (or â €Å"cap rate†) is a measure of the ratio between the net operating income produced by an asset (usually real estate) and its capital cost (the original price paid to buy the asset) or alternatively its current market value.The pure equity stream is showed in the next example: If proposition 1 did not hold, an investor could buy and sell stocks and bonds in such a way as to exchange one income stream for another stream, but selling at a lower price. It would be corrected through arbitrage. Return on a levered portfolio can be written as: Y2 = return from this (levered) portfolio ? = fraction of the income available for the stockholders of the company/fraction total shares outstanding X = expected return rD2 = interest charge Return on a unlevered portfolio looks like this: 1 = fraction/amount invested in stocks S1 = total stocks outstanding To see why this should be true, suppose an investor is considering buying one of the two firms U or L. Instead of purchasing the shares of the levered firm L, he could purchase the shares of firm U and borrow the same amount of money D that firm L does. The eventual returns to either of these investments would be the same. Therefore, the price of L must be the same as the price of U minus the money borrowed D, which is the value of L's debt. Proposition 2 > re = ro + (ro – rd) x D/E = required rate of return on equity (cost of equity) pk = cost of capital for an all equity firm r = required rate of return on borrowings (i. e. , cost of debt or interest rate) D/S = debt to equity ratio That is, the expected yield of a share of stock is equal to the appropriate capitalization rate pk for a pure equity stream in the class, plus a premium related to financial risk equal to the debt-to-equity ratio time the spread between pk and r. C. Some Qualifications and Extensions of the Basic Propositions Effects of Present Method of Taxing CorporationsProposition 1 becomes (with taxes): ? = average rate of corporate income t ax ? = expected net income accruing to the common stock holder Proposition 2 becomes (with taxes): pk can no longer be indentified with the average cost of capital when taxes come into play. Yet, to simplify things the writers will still do this. Effects of a Plurality of Bonds and Interest Rates Economic theory and market experience both suggest that the yields demanded by lenders tend to increase with the debt-equity ratio of the borrowing firm (or individual).The increased cost of borrowed funds as leverage increases will tend to be offset by a corresponding reduction in the yield of common stock. Proposition 1 remains unaffected as long as the yield curve is the same for all borrowers. However, the relation between common stock yields and leverage will no longer be the strictly linear one given by the original Proposition 2. If r increases with leverage, the yield i will still tend to rise as D/S increases, but at a decreasing rather than a constant rate. Yield curve: D. The Rel ation of Propositions 1 en 2 to Current Doctrines.Proposition 1 asserts that the average cost of capital is a constant for all firms j in class k, independently of their financial structure. II. Implications of the Analysis for the Theory of Investments A. Capital Structure and Investment Policy Proposition 3 (Proposition 4 in lecture slides): A firm will exploit investment opportunities if and only if the rate of return on the investment p* is as large as or larger than pk . This will be completely unaffected by the type of security used to finance the investment (bonds or stocks).So the main conclusion is that companies should invest when . Capital structure is a matter of indifference and the problem of the optimal capital structure is no problem at all. B. Proposition 3 and Financial Planning by Firms Misinterpretation of the scope of Proposition 3 can be avoided by remembering that this Proposition 3 tells us only that the type of instrument used to finance an investment is irr elevant to the question of whether or not the investment is worth while.This does not mean that the owners (or managers) have no grounds whatever for preferring one financing plan to another; or that there are no other policy or technical issues in finance at that level. C. The Effect of the Corporate Income Tax on Investment Decisions The cost of capital now depends on the debt ratio, decreasing , as D/V rises, at the constant rate of . Thus with a corporate income tax under which interest is a deductible expense, gains can accrue to stockholders from having debt in the capital structure, even when capital markets are perfect. L1 – Fama & French (1998) ‘Taxes, Financin

Beijing & population

When we consider the ever increasing global population in today’s world there are many factors which influence the dynamics of population growth. In the past population dynamics was only a matter of live births, deaths and migrations. Life expectancies among the populace were low due to famine; war and disease being common factors keeping most populations from growing.However with the advent of modern technology these issues are no longer the threat they once were. Developing countries have now realized that the continued population growth in a country can be a hindrance to their economic development.However an effort to categorize the population growth in the form of population dynamics is far more difficult today due to various extraneous factors that exist. This topic will take Beijing as an example to illustrate the complications in this subject. It is important to note first that China is the first country in the world with a billion people as its constituents. The popula tion growth of China was in the first phase of democratic transition during the late 19th century meaning they had a high birth rate and a high death rate due to widespread famine at the time.However, the Chinese government realized that their country was in the second phase of democratic transition during the 20th century. Meaning they would had a high birth rate and a low death rate with a high rate of fertility which the government surmised would be a huge blow to their economy. In order to counteract this government began enforcing the single child-policy offering incentives for those parents who had one child and taxing those who had more than one. They also encourage sterilization, abortions and kept a strict record of the parents who had children while discriminating against those who had two or more.They started family planning programs which were geared towards voluntary fertility reduction. Migration was also encouraged for youths who wished to leave the country for seek n ew economic opportunities. While all these factors lend themselves to being calculated by the formulae set by population dynamics. In the case of Beijing these dynamics cannot be calculated due to the immense population which resides there. It should also be noted that most of the population which participates in these voluntary fertility reduction programs are those from the middle class.While those individuals from the lower class not only have more children than the middle class they are also harder to document due to the fact that most of the lower class population is involved primarily in the field of agriculture. Their lower social economic scale lends them to being uneducated and undocumented thus creating a problem in ascertaining the factors of population growth. Additionally the increasing technological progress has also increased the life expectancy in China creating an environment where higher populations of the Chinese people are close to sixty years of age.Documenting the growth activities of such a massive population is not only time consuming and costly. It also creates new complications for the population dynamic that may be unforeseen in a controlled simulation. Economics may increase causing greater emigrations or vice versa, new diseases such as swine flu may strike the elderly portion of the population causing a fundamental decrease, the government may successfully implement greater controls to ensure population decrease, etc.Thus, it is inevitable that the population dynamics of a billion people would reveal certain problems in categorizing the growth potential of a country. However, we must realize that more than anything else this is simply due to the inherent unpredictability’s of the biological and environmental factors at play. References Sociology Online. (2005). Population Patterns And Trends. Retrieved May 20, 2009, from Sociology Online: http://www. sociologyonline. net/text/intro/main/c4b543n. htm

Research Critical Appraisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Critical Appraisa - Essay Example Additional to using traditional along with well-established procedures along with practices, health care practitioners are accepting pioneering interventions that are clear on best practices and solid research-based facts. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an example of such a technique and is swiftly gaining fame due to its likelihood to take successfully care for clinical issues as well as give better patient care. New far-reaching transformations impact nursing research in the healthcare research venture. Nascent fields are rising to understand how to boost efficiency, effectiveness, safety, and aptness of health care; how to advance health service delivery systems; as well as how to encourage performance development. The emerging fields comprise translational along with improvement science, health delivery systems science and implementation research ("Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas," n.d.). Research into the use of the evidence-based practice is among the fields that has remarkably affected the exemplar shift and is intertwined with the other fields. Research into EBP uptake is equal to examining Star Point 4 (incorporation of EBP into practice). Numerous distinguished federal grant agendas have developed to promote research that builds the evidential foundation for efficient strategies in using EBP. Among the innovative research, initiatives are the Patient-Centered Outcomes grants and the Clinical Translational Science Awards. The Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas. (n.d.). Retrieved from

Current Topics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Topics - Research Paper Example There is good and there is bad in the proposals and of course hte mining industry is fighting the whole thing. With that in mind, this paper will look at three of the proposals and compare them to the design principles that are to include fairness. The principles that will be used here are simplicity, equity of fairness, and efficiency. The simplicity of this program is excellent. It is clear and easy to understand both for those that are young and just beginning to plan their retirement and those that have been saving for awhile. The catch up issue for older Australians may be a little more difficult than the rest as even though it does give a good opportunity for catch up, understanding how they might do that is difficult. They may need some advice on the best way to manage that in such a way that it is to their advantage then and now. At the same time, it seems very equitable. It would have been very easy to change the rule now and not go back and help those approaching retirement. That would have caused a very unequitable situation for the elderly Australian's now. For example the new guarantee has been extended to workers aged 70 to 75 so they can be on an equal footing with the younger workers (futuretax.gov). It also allows for changes to key amounts when there have been breaks in working throughout a career. Efficiency by the definition given appears to be well distributed. The funds that are put away from this process will go to build infrastructure and increase jobs for the young who will continue to work toward funding the process. This seems to be a very effective and quite efficient way of doing this. However, it works very much like the social security system in the United States (sociealsecurity.gov) which over the years has become a disaster and that may warn that this needs to be watched closely. In the U.S. social security monies were paid in for retirement and used for other things and now with a large retirement about to happen, there is no money. There is also going to be a smaller group of people to fund it over the next few years so there is every possibility that the system will collapse and many will be left without any retirement. Cutting the Company Tax This proposal is intended to use funds from the mining industry to reduce the overall tax that companies in Australia are presently paying. By doing this, it is meant to make Australia more competitive and increase jobs in this country. The plan is easy to understand and is written in such a way that we can all understand it. Attracting industry to Australia is important in keeping the economy healthy. This move will also make the Australian dollar stronger which in the world economy today is very important. This is definitively a proposal that is fair to everyone. In fact it affects everyone in the country in one way of another. The mining industry which is doing very well now will contribute funding to the treasury which allows them to reduce taxes on industry in general which then encourages more industry to come here. That industry, of course, increases jobs which then increases the tax base again. It will move Australia from 22nd to 17th among other countries of the same

Critically evaluate the idea that increasing self-esteem is associated Essay

Critically evaluate the idea that increasing self-esteem is associated with better academic performance - Essay Example However the same holds true for adults who are under the aegis of an educational institution. The paper has taken a deep and incisive look at the psychological aspects which have both benefited and hampered the academic performance ranks of the students. Self-esteem and self-awareness are important tenets of an individual who is willing to gain an insight as per his actions, behaviors and manifestations. Academic performance is the sole domain of a student who wants to achieve success within his educational curriculum so that his future life could be secured. This, he does in order to have an educational pattern which is filled with success right from the outset of his acquiring the same. Therefore it is pretty important to suggest that academic performance depends a great deal on the way the students perceive their own lives and see this within the contexts of their perceptional abilities and self-esteem issues. However these could easily be marred by the consistent self-denial representations of the wrongs that hamper any student at a given time or even the misquoted ideals that have sprung up with the passage of time. All of these topics are deemed as significant when one tries to measure the righteousness of a student’s a cademic abilities and skills in the long run. Low self-esteem is indeed an epidemic, more so because it asks of the student to display a sense of negativity related with his own educational journey (Baumeister et al, 2003). When the same is measured from an academic performance yardstick, there are serious shortfalls which could easily be highlighted. These include the exact patterns as to how the student fell from a position of significance within the educational realms to one of an area of inferiority. Also the exact rationale for his jealousy with regards to other students is ascertained and the logical conclusions are drawn up in the light of the same. There are other avenues where global and